Background: Although checkpoint blockades have become widely used, the immunological impact in cancer\npatients, especially those with oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (OCSCC), has not been well studied.\nMethods: The present study assessed the immunological impact of anti-PD-1 (nivolumab) treatment in 10 patients\nwith OCSCC. This involved phenotypic analyses of peripheral blood T-cell subpopulations and their expression of\nimmune mediators prior to and following nivolumab treatment. The focus was on immunological effects of\ntreatment without regard to possible clinical responses.\nResults: Nivolumab caused a decline in the frequency of blood CD4+ cells but did not affect their expression of\nIFN-������..
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